The Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory is the argument that U.S. Government officials had advance knowledge of Japan's December 7, , attack on Pearl blogger.com since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught off guard, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans for an The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States (a neutral country at the time) against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before , on Sunday morning, December 7, The attack led to the United States' formal entry into World War II the next day Find A+ essays, research papers, book notes, course notes and writing tips. Millions of students use StudyMode to jumpstart their assignments
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The attack on Pearl Harbor [nb 3] [11] was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States a neutral country at the time against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in HonoluluTerritory of Hawaiijust beforeon Sunday morning, December 7, The attack led to the United States' formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI[12] [13] and as Operation Z during its planning.
Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. The attack commenced at a. Hawaiian Time GMT. Navy battleships present, all were damaged, research papers on pearl harbor, with four sunk. All but USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war.
The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisersthree destroyersan anti-aircraft training ship, [nb 5] and one minelayer. A total of U. aircraft were destroyed; 2, Americans were killed and 1, others were wounded. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen killed. Kazuo Sakamakithe commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured. Japan announced declarations of war on the United States and the British Empire later that day December 8 in Tokyobut the declarations were not delivered until the following day.
The British government declared war on Japan immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day December 8 the United States Congress declared war on Japan. On December 11, despite the fact they had no formal obligation to do so under the Tripartite Pact with Japan, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.
There were numerous historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, but the lack of any formal warning, particularly while peace negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D.
Roosevelt to proclaim December 7," a date which will live in infamy ". Research papers on pearl harbor the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime. War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of, and planned for, since the s. Japan had been wary of American territorial and military expansion in the Pacific and Asia since the late s, followed by the annexation of islands, such as Hawaii and the Philippineswhich they felt were close to or within their sphere of influence.
Although Japan had begun to take a hostile policy against the United States after the rejection of the Racial Equality Proposal[27] the relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners. Over the next decade, Japan expanded into Chinaleading to the Second Sino-Japanese War in Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland.
The " Southern Operation " was designed to assist these efforts. Starting in Decemberevents such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay research papers on pearl harbor, the Allison incidentresearch papers on pearl harbor, and the Nanking Massacre swung Western research papers on pearl harbor opinion sharply against Japan.
The U. unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the British to blockade Japan. companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war. Research papers on pearl harborJapan invaded French Indochinaattempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine toolsand aviation gasoline to Japan, which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act. In mid, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Hawaii.
Because the Japanese high command was mistakenly certain any attack on the United Kingdom's Southeast Asian coloniesincluding Singapore, [36] would bring the U. into the war, a devastating preventive strike appeared research papers on pearl harbor be the only way to prevent American naval interference, research papers on pearl harbor. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40, men; this option was never implemented due to opposition from Douglas MacArthurwho felt he would need a force ten times that size.
planners expected to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war. Late that year, Admiral Thomas C. Hartcommander of the Asiatic Fleetwas given orders to that effect. finally ceased oil exports to Japan in Research papers on pearl harborfollowing the seizure of French Indochina after the Fall of Francein part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption. Japan and the U. engaged in negotiations duringattempting to improve relations.
In the course of these negotiations, Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government.
It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact and to refrain from trade discrimination, provided all other nations reciprocated. Washington rejected these proposals. Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting, warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific.
The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China. Japan's final proposal, delivered on November 20, offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia, so long as the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands supplied one million U. gallons 3. On November 26 in Japan, the day before the note's delivery, the Japanese task force left port for Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the Research papers on pearl harbor Kingdomresearch papers on pearl harbor, the Netherlandsand the United States.
Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area" the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally had begun very early in under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamotothen commanding Japan's Combined Fleet.
Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter.
By latemany observers believed that hostilities between the U. and Japan were imminent. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, U.
officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines would be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.
The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with the Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and enabling Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference, research papers on pearl harbor.
Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the Vinson-Walsh Act erased any chance of victory. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests and would seek a compromise peace with Japan. Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages: the targeted ships would be in very shallow water, so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them, and most of the crews would survive the attack since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor.
A further important disadvantage was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U. Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers EnterpriseLexingtonand Saratoga. IJN top command was attached to Admiral Mahan 's " decisive battle " doctrine, especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships.
Despite these concerns, research papers on pearl harbor, Yamamoto decided to press ahead. Japanese research papers on pearl harbor in their ability to achieve a short, victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor, especially the navy yard, oil tank farms, and submarine base, were ignored, since—by their thinking—the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt.
On November 26,a Japanese task force the Striking Force of six aircraft carriers— Akagiresearch papers on pearl harbor, KagaSōryūHiryūShōkakuand Zuikaku —departed Hittokapu Bay on Kasatka now Iterup Island in the Research papers on pearl harbor Islandsen route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol CAPincluding nine fighters from the first wave.
The first wave was to be the primary attack, while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second, with battleships as the third target.
First-wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did research papers on pearl harbor get into the air to intercept the bombers, especially in the first wave. When the fighters' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat. Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed, especially over U, research papers on pearl harbor.
Before the attack commenced, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched reconnaissance floatplanes from cruisers Chikuma and Toneresearch papers on pearl harbor, one to scout over Oahu and the other over Lahaina Roads, Maui, respectively, with orders to report on U. fleet composition and location. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor were already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa. A report of the absence of the U. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the Tone's floatplane and fleet submarine I Fleet submarines IIresearch papers on pearl harbor, IIand I each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu.
However, Ward sank another midget submarine at [73] [nb 10] in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at A third midget submarine, Hagrounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.
Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor. In, andHawaii Undersea Research Laboratory 's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor.
The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U. equipment was dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention.
He research papers on pearl harbor stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes research papers on pearl harbor Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end. Tokyo transmitted the word notification commonly called the "Part Message" in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington.
Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule; in the event, it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began. In fact, U. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. While it was viewed by a number of senior U.
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Find A+ essays, research papers, book notes, course notes and writing tips. Millions of students use StudyMode to jumpstart their assignments 1 day ago · Recycling of waste essay in kannada example of analysis in a research paper. Example of results section in research paper case study v experiment networking research Computer papers ieee. Michou essaye de ne pas rire deux my father essay class 4th. Research paper on input tax credit The commissioned U.S. Navy ships and non-commissioned district craft (both self-propelled and non-self-propelled) in the list below are sorted by type and hull number. Pearl Harbor is defined as the area inside the nets guarding the harbor entrance. Ships marked with an asterisk (*) were within twelve miles of the island of Oahu but were not actually within Pearl Harbor proper.
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